Archives de balises carbon trading

I. Aperçu des principaux marchés d'échange de droits d'émission de carbone

1. Système d'échange de quotas d'émission de l'Union européenne (SEQE-UE)

• Lancement:2005, le premier et le plus mature marché du carbone au monde.

• Couverture: Production d’énergie, fabrication, aviation et plus encore.

• Caractéristiques:Système de plafonnement et d’échange avec des quotas décroissants chaque année ; sert de référence de prix mondiale.

• Développement:Maintenant en phase IV (2021-2030), avec des plafonds d’émissions plus stricts et un champ d’application élargi.

2. Marché national du carbone en Chine

• Lancement:Lancé officiellement en 2021, couvrant initialement le secteur de l'énergie.

• Portée:Le plus grand marché du carbone en termes de volume d’émissions de CO₂ couvertes.

• Mécanisme:Basé sur les allocations ; s'appuie sur l'expérience des pilotes régionaux (par exemple, Pékin, Shanghai, Guangdong).

• Avenir:Projets d’expansion vers d’autres industries à fortes émissions telles que l’acier et le ciment.

3. Marchés régionaux du carbone aux États-Unis

• Pas de marché fédéral, mais deux systèmes régionaux clés existent :

  • California Cap-and-Trade Program: Linked with Quebec; highly active and comprehensive.

  • Regional Greenhouse Gas Initiative (RGGI): Covers electricity generation in northeastern U.S. states.

• Caractéristiques: Market-based, voluntary participation, robust design.

4. Other Countries and Regions

• South Korea: Korea ETS (K-ETS) launched in 2015, steadily developing.

• New Zealand: Operates a flexible ETS allowing international carbon credits.

• Canada: Provinces like Quebec and Ontario run their own markets; Quebec is linked with California.

II. Types of Carbon Market Mechanisms

1. Compliance Markets

• Government-mandated systems requiring companies to stay within emission caps or face penalties.

• Examples: EU ETS, China’s national market, California’s system.

2. Voluntary Carbon Markets (VCM)

• Non-mandatory participation; organizations or individuals purchase carbon credits to offset emissions.

• Common project types: Forestry (carbon sinks), renewable energy, energy efficiency.

• Certification bodies: Verra (VCS), Gold Standard, etc.

III. Global Trends and Integration

1. Growing Interconnectivity Between Markets

   • Example: California and Quebec have linked carbon markets.

   • Under discussion: EU exploring potential linkage with Switzerland and others.

2. Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM)

   • The EU’s proposed CBAM will tax high-carbon imports, pressuring other nations to adopt carbon pricing systems.

3. Cross-Border Carbon Credit Flow

   • Under the Paris Agreement Article 6, a framework for international carbon credit exchange is forming, aiming to standardize and scale up global carbon trading.

4. Integration with Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs)

   • More countries are embedding carbon markets into their national climate strategies to meet NDC targets.

IV. Challenges and Opportunities

Challenges:

• Diverse rules and standards hinder market linkage.

• Voluntary markets vary in quality, and oversight is inconsistent.

• Carbon price volatility can affect corporate planning.

Opportunities:

• Net-zero goals drive rapid carbon market development.

• Technological advancements (e.g., MRV systems, blockchain) enhance transparency.

• Growing financial sector involvement; trend toward carbon market financialization.